V SYSTEMS is a blockchain infrastructure provider with a focus on database and cloud services. Led by Chief Architect Sunny King, it aims to create a secure underlying infrastructure platform for blockchain database through his new innovation - Supernode Proof of Stake (SPoS) consensus algorithm.

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The Role of Energy

Proof-of-Stake Consensus - The Energy Free Consensus

Criticism of Proof-of-Stake Consensus

The Debate of Cold Minting

The Shift Toward Supernode

Minting Slot and Minting Right Contention

Economy of Minting

Stake Liquidity and Busy Contention Attack

Account Model and Balance

Coin age

Confirmed balance

Weighted average balance

Minting average balance

Proposed balance calculation scheme

Proposed Balance Scheme

Simple increasing and decreasing speed

Slow decreasing speed

Increasing and decreasing speed

Conservative case

Nonconservative case

Balance conservation law

Minting average balance for minter

Examples

Summary

Evolution of Energy-Free Consensus: From POS to SPOS

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